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Welcome to the personal website of Jonathan Zdziarski

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Blog Entry about Apple SDK

I am...

A research scientist and occasional hacker
An author and occasional theologian
Inventor on six pending US patent applications
Inventor of DSPAM and other machine-learning technology
A pretty good bass guitarist
Lots of other things

Jonathan's Ginger Snaps...

	May 5, 2008: iPhone Privacy Alert: Restore Mode Leaves Much Personal Data Intact Many iPhone users have felt safe sending their phones into Apple or selling them on eBay with the feeling that their personal data and digital past have been erased by performing a restore. Think those embarrassing photos are gone for good? Think again. While the restore process takes long enough to make most people (including many well-respected iPhone developers) assume the "disk" stored in NAND memory is formatted, it actually isn't. As part of my work on a forensics toolkit for the iPhone, I decided to test whether user data could survive a full restore in iTunes. There have been rumors floating around that the entire NAND is flashed to 0xFF when the device is restored, but this is untrue - this only occurs in a different part of the iPhone (the NOR), but not the NAND. To confirm this theory, I first deleted any backups of my device and then forced the iPhone into recovery mode. From there, I performed a full firmware restore of my iPhone, ensuring that no backups or syncing were performed. I then performed a basic recovery of the raw disk using the forensic toolkit I put together, and analyzed it. What I discovered was that deleted mail, contacts, and pretty much all of my other personal information was still residing in unallocated space on the device. My personal information was safe and sound, and available to anyone with the right skills to recover it. What does this mean? This means that when you do a restore through iTunes, it is only the equivalent of performing a "Quick Format" on your iPhone. And for those of you who use "Erase all Content and Settings", this has even less of an effect, as it doesn't even destroy the file system. In both cases, all of the personal information that was sitting on the device prior to the erase or restore is still left sitting in the unallocated blocks of the iPhone's NAND memory. To make matters worse, the restore process is likely to restore the original operating system files over the same location as the old ones, meaning very little data is likely to be corrupted at all. Let this be a caution to everyone who sells used iPhones or sends their phone into Apple - you are releasing your personal data with it. NOTE: I could use a couple more test phones, and at least one iTouch.
	April 11, 2008: iPhone Forensics Toolkit Now Available! O'Reilly Webcast: iPhone Forensics Demonstration With Paraben's release of their toy forensics kit for the iPhone, I thought it appropriate to provide a forensics toolkit that is actually capable of performing some real forensics. I've prepared a 39-page iPhone forensics manual and accompanying toolkit, which are available at no charge [only] to public law enforcement personnel. Unlike the present commercial offerings, I'll show you how to recover the raw disk image from the device and how to use well known forensic tools like Foremost/Scalpel to search for deleted photos, voicemail, and many pieces of potential evidence that are specific to the iPhone (such as keyboard caches and other goodies). I've also got source code examples for reproducing the payload delivery mechanism. Please email me from your LE account if you would like a copy. I will likely open this up to the public in the future, but wanted to give law enforcement the first crack at it. In all likelihood, there are already plenty of iPhones sitting in evidence lockers that could use a good proctological. Surprisingly, many different types of criminals are now using the iPhone.
	March 31, 2008: The Ethics of Hacking http://zdziarski.com/papers/ethics.html The curiosity and quest for knowledge is engrained in all of us as humans, and it is a noble task to want to explore and build on the ingenuity of others. Hackers are the great equalizer of a capitalistic society, and when conducted ethically, a hacker can be of great benefit to both the consumer and the manufacturer. They have the power to balance out corporate greed and further improve on otherwise great products.
	March 28, 2008: MIT Spam Conference Concludes The MIT Spam Conference concluded today with some great talks by various researchers in the field. I was particular sorry that I arrived late to miss Kathy Liszka's talk on "Neural Networks for Image Spam", as the tail end of it appeared very good. One thing I did notice that was quite refreshing about this year's conference was that there were a few fresh faces, like Kathy, who were very passionate and enthusiastic about the subjects they were talking about, having an almost child-like giddiness (as in a "candy store" sort of way) zeal for what they were working on. It's very hard to find people who have been in the field who still consider it that exciting, and these are the ones from whom the best technology typically emerges. I was also honored with the award for "best overall paper" for the 2008 conference, which is available for download here, and is titled "Reasoning-Based Adaptive Parsing". The presentation will be available on the conference website shortly. I'm glad people were so inspired by it. Hopefully, I provided enough of a solid level of technical content to help people realize that not all enterprise corporations are evil, secretive empires who engage academic conferences with brand whoredom on their mind. The Spam Conference appears to be turning over a new leaf and returning to the academic field. Now that they've switched the cameras off and gotten rid of the press, the conference is beginning to feel like a true classroom experience once again. The "workshops", which are really round-table type discussions, were intriguing, and the vendor whoredom was kept to a minimum. In addition to this, the first day of the conference was in a relatively small classroom, allowing for a more personal feel. I look forward to seeing how next year's goes - hopefully it will continue in this direction.
	March 25, 2008: Tales from the Apple Store Last night marked a unique event in history. The Apple Store in Cambridge MA allowed me to come in through the front door and deliver a keynote to some 200+ people as they hosted the Mobile Monday Boston conference. In spite of the sheer chaos of fitting so many people into such a small store, and the generally poor acoustics of a mall, what the conference lacked in elegance was quickly made up for in quality of content. I was invited to speak at the SDK party about the long hacking history of the iPhone, and made no bones about putting a stake in the ground as the open source community's claim to third-party application development as being the first on the scene, since August 2007. In addition to that, I praised Apple for such a remarkable device - the first mobile device that, rather than being some chopped up version of a desktop OS, was a full blown Leopard OS that had been augmented with additional frameworks and tools for interfacing with the iPhone's proprietary form factor. I spent a little time highlighting the big differences between Apple's SDK and the tride-and-true Open Source SDK, which uses the authentic low-level APIs that Apple's applications have shown to use. It's amazing to think that the open source community has now estimated approximately two million iPhones to be running third-party jailbreak software and the community Installer - that's 40% of the total iPhone market! Apple can only hope for this same level of penetration into the market, and in fact likely won't get it unless they also cater to the 1/3rd of the market running unlocked iPhones on other networks (something the Installer does interoperate with). As I said last night, the open source community is dominating, but we welcome our new enterprise friends into iPhone development. It's about time you got here - it's been a lonely eight months without you! The iPhone SDK: APIs Apple Didn't Want You to Know About Jail-Breaking iPhones and Other Tales from the Apple Store
	March 14, 2008: Open Tool Chain now Builds Aspen Apps - Without Code Changes! Here's what you need to understand before reading this post: the iPhone has two different framework layers. The low-level APIs that we have come to enjoy in 1.0 and 1.1 using the "open tool chain" are actually the APIs used most widely by Apple's own preloaded software. They represent the lowest level you can get on the iPhone - talking to the libraries themselves. The "Apple SDK" is a set of lightweight front-ends for these lower-level APIs, and ride on top of them. For example, Open GL ES (which is also available on 1.0 and 1.1) actually talks to the CoreSurface framework to perform rendering. The Apple SDK APIs also restrict many different functions. The open source community tool chain works on the lower-level APIs, while the Apple SDK uses the prettier, yet more restricted front-end classes. Both have a significant amount of overlap - only about a dozen or two classes are actually front-ended in Apple's SDK, meaning much of the code you've written for the open tool chain will still build in the SDK. Saurik and I have made some necessary, but minor revisions to the open tool chain, and have managed to update it to build and link applications on the Aspen firmware. This means that all existing iPhone applications can be built for Aspen without code changes from the original 1.1 and 1.0 code. Well, at least without any major code changes - a few minor changes for obscure methods might be needed, but these are very few and far between so far. Using the open tool chain also means no DRM. I have just finished building NES.app (my Nintendo emulator) for Aspen, which is one of the more complex iPhone applications, and managed to do so with only a few minor modifications (mostly bug fixes that were less forgiving in 1.2). The lower-level APIs, which appear to be used by Apple's own preloaded applications, are all just as accessible to jailbroken iPhones as they were with 1.0 and 1.1. Out of the entire API, only a few symbols required renaming, and we've worked this into the headers so that existing applications can continue using the old names. Not to say that issues won't arise - but so far, things are looking very good in terms of code consistency between the 1.1 and 1.2/2.0 firmware. Certainly better than migrating from Tiger to Leopard, or something similar. Lets just say that the "goal" is to end up with an open tool chain that looks and acts just as it does now, but includes Aspen support. And even if Apple were to rewrite everything from the ground up next year, we'll be able to compensate for this pretty easily by macro'ing our headers, or writing a simple compatibility library, so you'd be able to continue using existing code.
	March 12, 2008: Dual-Booting your iPhone http://www.zdziarski.com/papers/dualboot.txt The dev team has been using dual-booting to jailbreak the iPhone for several months now, however now that several more advanced techniques have been developed (many of which are still private), I thought it apropos to release this cool hack for those who would like to dual boot multiple versions of the iPhone software (or other OS's) from their handset. It's a neat little hack that I think might be useful for developers playing with 1.2, especially since 1.2 appears to disable your ability to make phone calls (as it is for development). Not that 1.2 is all Apple's touting it to be. 100,000 downloads? 1 Million eyeballs? C'mon, the open source community had over a million jailbreakers back in September. We've got closer to two million today (half the iPhone market). Apple iTunes "iPhone" Store customers: zero.
	March 8, 2008: iPhone SDK, DRM, and the Open Tool Chain With the release of Apple's SDK, the development community has come to the rude awakening that it's not all it's cracked up to be with its restricted features, hidden methods, and heavy distribution scrutiny. ... Apple's SDK restrictions appear to be taking a swipe at the open source community, which has already developed a functional open SDK (the tool chain), community distribution channel (via Installer.app, Cydia, etc), and a very large audience of users and developers. Apple is in fact lagging behind the open community, and rather than the open source community duplicating commercial efforts, Apple is embarrassingly the one trying to duplicate the open source community today. [ more ]
	March 5, 2008: Reasoning-Based Adaptive Language Parsing http://www.zdziarski.com/papers/parsing.pdf Language classification typically employs a parser using a static set of parsing rules. This presents a problem for learning machines needing to parse different languages, many with different structural rules. Hand-written rules can also provide less-than-optimal parsing even for languages they were designed for, as subcomponents of words can sometimes be more useful. This paper introduces a technique to adaptievely reprogram a language parser to generate the most useful possible data, without any prior knowledge of a language or lexicon.
	January 25, 2008: Now Available: iPhone Open Application Development O'Reilly Media has made my next book, "iPhone Open Application Development" available for online purchase HERE. You can also buy the hard copy from Amazon HERE. This much anticipated book on iPhone native application development in Objective-C and C/C++ can be purchased for online/PDF reading, print copy, or both. The print copy is expected to ship on 3/10. If you've ever wanted to become an expert on the iPhone's native platform, this book is for you. Since the iPhone's release, the open source community has been hungry to open the iPhone's operating system. Within a short time, an open source SDK was introduced allowing developers to build applications using the iPhone's native Objective-C and C frameworks. With the rest of the iPhone Dev Team, I spent months learning the iPhone's proprietary APIs and the community has developed some spectacular native applications ranging from instant messaging applications to my feature-rich Nintendo® emulator. For the first time, the iPhone's development platform is now documented with easy-to-understand illustrations, and complete with many useful examples to get you up and coding quickly. iPhone Open Application Development provides the know-how to write stellar mobile applications for the iPhone.
	Nov 1, 2007: Where have I been Lately http://www.zdziarski.com/projects/nesapp/ Hacking on iPhone - glued to the screen during the evening to work with a few other hackers in gaining access to the greatest mobile device in existence. It paid off - over the past few months of tinkering, I managed to develop the initial technique to get ssh running on iPhone (now used by most ssh kits), the first builds of open source software for iPhone such as Apache, Python, Ruby, etc. and other general hackery. I've become most known, however, for my development work on the Nintendo® emulator for iPhone, NES.app, which has also sparked me to fork and rewrite much of the InfoNES Nintendo Emulator core into a new project I call nescore.
	July 21, 2007: What Selling on eBay Gets You http://www.zdziarski.com/papers/ebay.html I listed my Macbook "Pro" three times on eBay, only to find that their website is now completely unusable for legitimate transactions. What does selling on eBay get you? Click the link above to find out.
	July 1, 2007: God is not in Control http://www.zdziarski.com/papers/control.html God certainly has the ability to be in control, but He doesn't seem to take that liberty all the time. If God's will were always done, then we'd have no reason to pray for it to be done, which we do daily as part of "on Earth as it is in Heaven"; it'd just be done all the time otherwise and we'd have nothing to pray about or hope for... God's in control of the things that matter. Free will requires the world run itself in many respects. Prayer is one of the few ways to invoke God to act on our behalf, though we don't take that liberty very often anymore.
	June 14, 2007: Bribing God: The Truth About Wealth and the Bible http://www.zdziarski.com/papers/malachi.html [ Revised from Last Year's Study ] Sermon after sermon gets preached these days to give, and God will let you have the car you want, the house you want, and the life you want. It seems strange the thought that a people who profess to follow Christ are so anxious to try and conform God to their will and desires, rather than the other way around. Shouldn't we be concerned about getting into God's will rather than trying to bribe him to give us what we want? What if God wants you to live in poverty so you can reach someone specific? Many rebuke that thought, or call it false humility, but that's what many of the men closest to Jesus did.
	May 22, 2007: DSPAM Project has been Acquired Dear DSPAM Users, When 3.8.0 was released, I mentioned that we were working on announcing some news relating to the DSPAM project and its recent delay in development. As many of you are aware (and have emailed me about), there was a long pause in the development of the DSPAM project last year. In September 2005, I accepted a position as Research Scientist with a network security company, where I have been designing the next generation of anti-spam, anti-phishing, and other intelligent technologies. This company is an avid supporter of DSPAM, and in fact we have incorporated it into some of our solutions, and use it internally for several different applications. While I have been given the freedom to continue work on DSPAM, I've found myself very busy with both work and family, and unable to give it the attention it has deserved. A year-long agonizing wait to move to the Boston area has also put a strain on my life. With all of this going on, I concluded that the project had grown to a point where it would take others - with enough free time - to bring DSPAM to the next level as a widely accepted enterprise-class solution, and decided that it would be in the best interest of the project to entrust it to someone with the technical knowhow and dedication to reach these goals. Many of you are aware of my work in the past with Sensory Networks in developing a hardware-accelerated version of DSPAM (capable of supporting multi-megabit speeds in large carrier environments). I've spent a considerable amount of time with SN's team over the past several years and when we initially discussed working together, they had shown to be very excited and motivated about the project. After careful consideration and many discussions at length, I decided to allow Sensory Networks to acquire the rights to the project, and continue development on it with their own team. SN has displayed a strong commitment to the open source community and has been working closely with other leading projects such as Snort, Clam Antivirus, and SpamAssassin. They assured me that the project will remain open-source and available to all, and at the same time the project will receive exposure in commercial environments it has not seen before, as many of you have been asking for. We've now completed the acquisition for the project, and I'd like to encourage you to support them in helping them move forward as it grows into new areas. All annual support agreements I have in place will continue to be serviced through myself, and not Sensory Networks, so please continue to contact me for support if you have such an agreement in place (or would like to). I'm certainly not going anywhere, and will continue running DSPAM on my own personal systems, as well as supporting it to my current and future clients. Sensory Networks' DSPAM project contact may be contacted at dspam@sensorynetworks.com. You will likely be hearing from them in the future with new information related to the project. If you're on file as a DSPAM contributor and have provided a copyright release, you will want to contact them with any pending patch submissions. Please feel free to contact me as well if you have any questions or concerns. I still feel very strongly about the project and care about its success. For those of you who don't know, DSPAM began as a hobby to filter mail for my local church. Within a few years, it surprisingly turned into a very popular and powerful anti-spam suite for many large-scale networks. It is approaching the top 100 projects on Freshmeat and protects millions upon millions of mailboxes. Out of these efforts have come a significant undertaking, as well as many doors opened for me personally including a book and a full-time career in machine-learning development. For this I have to thank all of you, who have helped support and promote the project on many fronts. Thanks so much for helping to make DSPAM a successful project and giving me something to enjoy in my spare time all these years. Developing this project has been one of my best experiences, and I look forward to where it's going to go in the future.
	April 24, 2007: Gun Control: A History of Tyranny and Abuse In the wake of a terrible tragedy brought on by political correctness, and the unwillingness to commit a mentally ill person to a hospital, there has been much talk of sweeping gun control legislation. Lets get our facts straight about what the 2nd amendment is about. While these shootings were a terrible thing, there are much more important issues of freedom and national security to deal with here. The 2nd amendment was put into place to acknowledge that the people were to have all of the power, including the military power to ensure their freedom. We have a military today that is very much the opposite of what the original milita was when the country was founded (namely, all able-bodied males of age). The declaration of independence took issue with the idea that a country's military should be independent of, and more powerful than the people: [The king] has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil Power.. Those who founded our country believed that all citizens should comprise the military, that it was our responsibility to defend our own country. The people were, for a long time, the most powerful force in government. Ironically, we acknowledge that the other nine amendments in the bill of rights are individual rights, except for the one with teeth. Most (good) local police would even tell you that they are among the people - just another freedom-loving citizen, and not a member of some elite group who considers themselves above the people - that they are truly public servants of the people. It's only when good cops turn bad that they stop believing this. The truth is that the cops are the cleanup crew - they rarely can prevent a crime from occurring, they can only respond. Americans are charged with their own protection - it's not the government's job or within their ability. Noah Webster (quote on the left) believed that citizens must have equal access to whatever level of arms the state had, to prevent us from ever becoming a tyranny (or totalitarian state). In other words, the state isn't ever supposed to become powerful enough to overpower the people. And historically, this worked. It was the citizenship's power that prevented Switzerland from being invaded by Germany during WW-II. As a counter-example, it was the registration and confiscation of firearms from the citizens in Germany that made the holocaust possible for Adolf Hitler. Today, we've all but reached a point of federal registration, NFA-restricted arms, one former assault weapons ban, and now we're facing possible handgun or other types of bans. We are telling our fellow man that they no longer have a right to be in power - that the government is a superior power, and that we no longer trust "the people". But isn't the government supposed to be the people? The purpose of the government is to defend the freedom of the people, not to define it. They are to be "guards for their future security", as the declaration puts it, and puts the responsibility of policing the government into the people's hands. Even with such a large representation of the people in our congress, diplomacy can still fail. Much of our country's direction is, in fact, decided by three or four states. Totalitarian and socialist parties are often maintained by single-party governments, which is what we're becoming (and will become, if amnesty is given to twelve million illegal immigrants and their families). Things can still go bad, and history has been known to repeat itself on more than one occasion. If a government deems that it cannot trust the people with the ability to enforce their freedom, then the government no longer represents the people or the freedoms they are charged with defending. The bill of rights was not written to "give" rights to the people, neither are medical bills of rights or air passenger bills of rights written to "give" rights to the people. They are written to acknowledge the basic human rights that the people already have - the right to protect, the right to defend, and the right to speak - our constitution protects us from the government, not the other way around. There are many enemies of the constitution within our own government, men and women who would like to take away our freedoms and turn us into a police state, like Britain, whom we fought to the death against only a few hundred years ago. Restricting arms has historically been the first step toward tyranny and all forms of brutality and abuse. Do we really want to go down this road and regress back to what we were before we had secured our freedom? Sadly, men like Patrick Henry ("Give me liberty or give me death") and Thomas Jefferson ("The tree of liberty must be refreshed from time to time, with the blood of patriots and tyrants") would be considered mentally unstable today, rather than the patriots they were. The people are supposd to be in power. The people can't be in power if they're disarmed. All gun control legislation can be traced back to knee-jerk reactions from criminals... and enemies of our constitution, affording the opportunity to steal a little power away from the people. Just ask a Jew who has survived the holocaust how they feel about a "national firearms registry" or "assault weapons ban". Ones who have lived through the evils of a government run amok (in this century) know that it's these crumbs of freedom that can lead to the devouring of an entire people.
	April 18, 2007: The Problem with NICS Checks and Trigger Locks NICS checks and trigger locks are a dangerous illusion and false sense of security. People don't seem to believe that you can get rid of NICS (background) checks without putting guns into the hands of criminals and the mentally disturbed. In spite of the fact that criminals already have them, adopting a system where criminals are not allowed out of prison if they are deemed a threat to themselves or others, and the same for the mentally unstable, can immediately put a stop to the problem, and eliminate the need for NICS checks all together. Our politically correct system has pretended that we can cohabitate with criminals and insane people - we're beginning to see why that is not possible, at least without infringing upon the rights of the law abiding. Since when did criminals affect how the law abiding should live? Psycho murderers are going to accomplish their goals, even if they are not able to procure a firearm. If guns didn't exist, we'd be pondering laws restricting the sale of hammers, box cutters, or PVC pipe today instead. There is only one way to keep the mentally insane from committing violence, and that is to commit them to an institution where they will be monitored and treated. Problem solved. NICS checks now obsolete.
	April 17, 2007: Associated Press: Do Your Homework British and Australian journalists from the AP, as well as their communist leaders, have critized us for not having enough gun control. The facts are: A 1998 study by the US Department of Justice found that there were 40 percent more muggings in England, and burglary rates were almost 100 percent higher than in the United States. And, counter-intuitively, rates of crimes using handguns is on the rise. In 1999-2000, crimes using handguns were at a seven year high. Apparently, criminals were easily able to access guns, but law enforcement officers and law-abiding citizens were not allowed. In Australia, the government banned weapons in 1996, after a publicized shooting. Immediately after the ban, armed robberies rose by 73 percent, unarmed robberies by 28 percent, kidnappings by 38 percent, assaults by 17 percent, and manslaughter by 29 percent. This was reported on the Web site of the Australian Bureau of Statistics in January, 2000. While my heart goes out to the students at VA Tech, both logic and facts insist that the most dangerous places are those where law abiding citizens are disarmed. America has a love affair with freedom, and it is only when that freedom is trampled on, such as it is on the grounds of most educational institutions and churches across the US, that the darkest forms of evil can prey on the unarmed with confidence. Law abiding citizens with firearms permits could have easily stopped this and saved dozens of lives if they had been allowed to. The only ones who obeyed the law here were the 32 dead students and faculty who weren't allowed to carry a concealed firearm on school grounds, even with a permit.
	April 12, 2007: Becoming Illegal A fantastic letter to Senator Tom Harkin I came across by an Iowa resident wanting to change his citizenship status to be an illegal immigrant, as illegals appear to be getting better benefits than the rest of us. You'll laugh, then you'll cry. As a native Iowan and excellent customer of the Internal Revenue Service, I am writing to ask for your assistance. I have contacted the Department of Homeland Security in an effort to determine the process for becoming an illegal alien and they referred me to you. ... [ More ] On a similar note, isn't it scary how close our government is getting to the Communist Manifesto?
	March 20, 2007: Dear Companies hiring foreign customer service reps: please stop insulting us Look, when I do business with you, I expect that I'll be able to speak to a customer service representative who speaks native, coherent English. It's annoying enough that you hire indians who barely speak their own language, let alone ours, but to assign them with western names like "Brad" and "Jeff" is just plain insulting to America and I will call back a hundred times, at your expense, until I get an American. If you're too cheap to pay Americans to talk to other Americans, you're undeserving of my money - I'll take it elsewhere, and spend yours on all my 800-number calls to your support line. If I were in Germany, I would demand to speak only to other Germans. Call me a racist if you like, but I'm not about to adapt my culture to be tolerant of someone else's lack of experience with my own language, especially on my clock. In short, I will not waste my time trying to speak quasi-english to someone who doesn't take pride in their work anyway, and reads their responses from a script. If they want their job, let them come to our country, learn how to speak our language properly (as many whom I work with have), and compete with our American workers who are well worth the extra couple of bucks you're trying to avoid having to pay them.
	February 27, 2007: A Journal of ETrade Mishaps http://www.zdziarski.com/papers/etrade.html I've been an ETrade account holder for about a year now. Unfortunately, trading seems to be the last thing on ETrade's mind. Through a series of suspicious mishaps I've recorded here, I'm beginning to wonder if not only ETrade is failing to execute my trades, but if they might actually be competing against me on the market - with my own trades!
	February 4, 2007: Why Investors Suck at Tech http://www.zdziarski.com/papers/tech.html There's something about the technology that causes investors to suffer massive brain anneurisms when placing trades. I've watched (and occasionally cashed in) as mindless fools throw their money aimlessly into the wind rather than take the time to understand and invest in good technology. It begins with hysteria, and most tech investors have it in spades.
	January 19, 2007: Hijacking God: Restoring the Original Church http://www.zdziarski.com/papers/hijacking.htm What kind of authority structure did the original apostles set up for the church? Is preaching prosperity Biblical, or is it a doctrine of men with corrupt minds? What are the marks of a true apostle? In this essay, the original church is examined, and brings to light just how severely hijacked she has become by those who would presume their own authority. We'll take a look at how God's plan never intended for there to be lay people within the church, but rather each church charged to raise everyone up to a level of knowledge and faith in Christ that would provide an environment where five-fold ministry gifts and miracles could run through the entire body - regardless of their leadership status. This essay provides a glimpse at a church without as strong a separation between body and clergy, in spite of how many presume to govern their churches today.

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